Countable & Uncountable Nouns

Pengertian Countable Noun

Countable Noun adalah kata benda yang dapat dihitung. Kata benda ini terbagi menjadi dua macam, yaitu: singular (kata benda dapat dihitung tunggal) dan plural countable (kata benda dapat dihitung jamak). Pada bentuk plural, perubahan bentuk kata bendanya mengikuti aturan regular (pola beraturan) atau irregular (pola tidak beraturan).

Regular Countable Noun

Pola aturan regular perubahan singular ke plural countable noun sebagai berikut.

Singular          Plural
-tomato            tomatoes
-potato             potatoes
-gas                  gases
-punch             punches
-dash               dashes
-loss                 losses
-country           countries
-wife                wives
-book               books

Beberapa Contoh Irregular Countable Noun

Berikut beberapa contoh bentuk singular dan plural dari irregular countable noun.

Singular          Plural
-alga                algae
-basis               bases
-child               children
-datum             data
-foot                feet
-goose              geese
-man                men
-ox                   oxen
-woman           women

Determiner pada Countable Noun

Contoh determiner pada singular dan plural countable sebagai berikut.

Determiner     Singular          Plural
-Articles          a/an, the           the
-Quantifier      none                many, few, several, a couple of, some, any, a lot of
-Demonstrative           this, that          these, those

Contoh Kalimat Singular & Plural Countable Noun

Dengan mengacu pada tabel determiner di atas, contoh kalimat singular dan plural sebagai berikut.

Singular                                                          Plural
1-Can you lend me a magazine?                     Can you lend me magazines?
2-He wrote the book when he was twenty.    He wrote the books when he was twenty.    
3-There was a visitor in the museum.              There were many visitors in the museum.
4-The apple is from Medan.                            Those apples are from Medan.

Pengertian Uncountable Noun

Uncountable noun atau mass noun adalah kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung. Kata benda ini kebanyakan hanya memiliki bentuk singular (tunggal), namun ada beberapa yang hanya memiliki bentuk plural. Jika ingin membentuk pengertian plural dari kata benda ini, maka yang dijamakkan adalah takarannya.

Kategori                     Contoh Uncountable Noun
-food                           noodle, meat, bread
-liquid                          coffe, milk, oil
-material                      iron, sugar, wood
-powder                       grain, sugar, rice

Plural Uncountable Noun

Beberapa uncountable memiliki bentuk plural (jamak) tanpa bentuk singular (tunggal) walaupun dengan makna yang sama. Plural uncountable tersebut tidak dapat ditambahkan number (two pants).

Contoh Plural Uncountable Noun:

arms, clothes, customs, glasses, goods, groceries, jeans, pyjamas, pants, scissors, spectacles, thanks, trousers.

Determiner pada Uncountable Noun

Determiner pada uncountable antara lain adalah definite article, quantifier dan demonstrative. Contoh kalimatnya sebagai berikut.

Determiner                            Contoh kalimat determiner + Uncountable Noun

-a lot of/lots of                         I need a lot of margarine to cook.
-little, a little                            There is only little water left in his bottle
-much                                     Do not bring  much money to the store
-the                                         She bought the furniture at the exhibition

Sumber : Wordsmile.com

SENTENCE PATTERN :Subject, Verb, Complement, Modifier

Kalimat

Sebelum membahas pola kalimat (sentence pattern) mari sekilas kita membicarakan kalimat (sentence) terlebih dahulu. Secara tradisi, orang mengatakan bahwa kalimat adalah sekelompok kata yang menyatakan satu buah pikiran secara lengkap. Kita dengan mudah dapat menentukan mana kalimat, dan mana yang bukan dari contoh di bawah ini.

1.      Roti memakan secangkir kopi

2.      Mereka yang hadir di kelas

3.      Halasson adalah perenang yang hebat

4.      Kita mengundang mereka yang telah berhasil dalam Penelitian Ilmiah itu.

Nah, dari empat kalimat di atas hanya nomor 3 dan 4 yang langsung bisa disebut kalimat, sedangkan yang pertama, walaupun secara struktur benar, tetapi tidak mengandung makna logis, dan yang kedua masih bergantung pada nada bacanya, salah intonasi menyisakan pertanyaan: terus … ngapain? Artinya, belum lengkap menyatakan satu buah pikiran yang lengkap.

Sentence pattern (pola kalimat)

Kalimat itu bersistem. Artinya dia memiliki pola-pola tertentu yang berlangsung secara berulang-ulang, sehingga kita bisa menerka sisa bagian kalimat apabila sebagiannya sudah diucapkan.
dalam contoh kalimat di bawah ini, kata kata yang digarisbawahi merupakan tulang tengkorak kalimat yang sudah dilucuti dari daging dan lemaknya. Kalimat tanpa keterangan atau modifier.

Pola I :

Subjek                                                            verba
-Boys                                                               fight
-Those girls                                                      play in a very noisy manner
-Our little dog                                                 barked loudly all night
-Their new and young beautiful neighbor       invites us to her party.

Pola II :

Subject                       Verb               Direct Object (Objek Penderita)
-We                             love                 our country
-Some girls                  detest             sewing and cooking
-That silly child           brokes             new glasses of mine yesterday
-She and I                   finish               the job on time.

Pola III :

Subjek                        lingking verb              noun compliment
-Boys                           are                               people
-That young boy          is                                  student
-My fierce dog            suddenly becomes       a neighbourhood menace
-My belove old aunt    loves                            living in a remote village.

Pola IV :

Subjek            lingking verb  adjective complement
Boys                are                   diligent
That girl           looks                more creative than the boys
The first quiz   was                  difficult last year.

Subjek (subject)

Kalimat biasanya mengandung dua unsur penting yakni subjek dan predikat. Subjek adalah bagian kalimat yang diperkatakan, sedangkan predikat adalah bagian kalimat yang mengatakan sesuatu tentang subjek.

Contoh :

Subjek                                    Predikat

-Anastasia                               walked
-My beloved mother               has always been good cook
-Those men under the tree      will plant the seedling
-We                                         go on foot

Kata utama dalam subjek disebut simple subject (subjek sederhana). Simple subjek biasanya adalah nomina (noun) dan pronominal (pronoun). Simple subject pada contoh kalimat di atas adalah Anastasia, mother, men, dan we. Pronominal atau kataganti yang merupakan subjek sederhana yang paling sering digunakan adalah:

-I                     : saya

-You                : kamu

-He                  : dia (seorang laki-laki; Budi, Dino, dll)

-She                 : dia (seorang perempuan; Ayu, Christina)

-It                    : dia (sebuah barang atau seekor hewan)

-We                 : kami, Budi dan Saya, dll

-They               : mereka (orang atau barang/hewan), My dad and my mom, these houses, dll.

            Selain itu ada subjek yang merupakan gabungan kata (frasa) tetapi keseluruhan kata itu secara bersama-sama merupakan sebuah subjek, disebut complete subject (subjek lengkap).
Seperti contoh di atas :

Those men under the tree adalah complete subject.

Those men under the tree pada hakekatnya adalah They.

Verb

Verb (kata kerja) adalah suatu kata yang berfungsi untuk menunjukkan tindakan dari subject, menunjukkan peristiwa atau keadaan. Verb merupakan satu dari delapan part of speech. 

Kata kerja bahasa Inggris tidak selalu berbentuk simple (satu kata), melainkan mungkin berupa frasa hasil kombinasi dengan particle menjadi phrasal verb (get in, make up, read over).

Auxiliary Verb

Auxiliary merupakan kata kerja yang muncul sebelum main verb (kata kerja utama). Kata kerja bantu ini dapat dibedakan menjadi:

primary auxiliary (be, do, have): menguatkan makna kata kerja utama

modal (can, could, may, might, will, would, dhall, should, must): mengekspresikan willingness (kemauan), ability, (kemampuan), necessity (kebutuhan), dan possibility (kemungkinan).

Phrasal modal (be able to, be going to, used to, etc): modal verb yang erdiri dari lebih satu kata.

Gabungan auxiliary dengan main verb disebut verb phrase.

Verb Voices

Voice berguna menyatakan apakah suatu subject of a sentence melakukan atau menerima aksi. Adapun dibedakan menjadi:

Active Voice: subject melakukan aksi (contoh kalimat: I has cleaned your thick book).
Passive Voice: subject menerima aksi (contoh kalimat: The book was edited by Beatrice Sparks).

Verb Moods

Moods dalam bahasa Inggris antara lain:

Imperative: untuk memberikan perintah, peringatan, nasehat, instruksi, maupun permintaan (contoh kalimat: Sit down! Don’t be careless).

Subjunctive: untuk mengekspresikan unreal situation (conditional, wish, as if / though), requirement, maupun suggestion.
contoh kalimat : I wise the teacher were nice to me. 

Indicative: untuk membuat pernyataan, penyanggahan, maupun pertanyaan.
contoh kalimat: The weather is cold.

complement

Complement adalah kata atau kelompok kata yang melengkapi makna dari subject, verb, atau object. Dengan demikian, ada tiga macam complement, yaitu: subject, verb, dan object complement.

Subject Complement

Subject complement adalah noun, pronoun, adjective, atau konstruksi lain (berperan sebagai noun atau adjective) yang mengikuti verbs of being atau linking verb serta berfungsi menerangkan atau merujuk subjek kalimat.

Subject complement terbagi menjadi tiga yaitu: predicate adjective (subjek dihubungkan dengan adjective), predicate noun (subjek dihubungkan dengan noun), dan predicate pronoun (subjek dihubungkan dengan pronoun).

Contoh :

-My favorite activities are shopping and traveling.
-Mr. Mamat was a great headmaster.

NB :  Contoh Subject Complement [SC= bold, linking verb= italic]

Verb Complement

Verb complement adalah direct object (DO) atau indirect object (IO) dari suatu action verb. Objek-objek tersebut dapat berupa noun, pronoun, atau konstruksi lain yang berakting seperti noun, seperti: gerund, infinitive, dan noun clause.

Contoh :

-My boss paid me two thousand dollars.
-I love swimming.

NB : Contoh Verb Complement [DO= bold; IO= italic]

Modifier

Modifier berfungsi untuk menerangkan waktu (modifier of time), menerangkan tempat (modifier of place), atau menerangkan cara dalam melakukan kegiatan (modifier of manner). Modifier pada umumnya berupa prepositional phrase (yaitu sekelompok kata yang dimulai oleh kata depan dan diakhiri oleh noun). Misalnya: in the morning (pada pagi hari), on the table (di atas meja), at the university (di universitas).

Selain itu, modifier dapat juga berupa single adverb (misalnya: yesterday (kemarin), outdoors (luar gedung), hurriedly (dengan buru-buru) atau adverbial phrase (misalnya: last night (tadi malam), next year (tahun depan). Modifier adalah menjawab pertanyaan when, where, dan how.

Contoh :

- Chris bought a book at the bookstore (John membeli sebuah buku di toko buku)
- The milk is in the refrigerator. (Susunya ada di dalam kulkas)

Perhatikan:

-Modifier of time biasanya diungkapkan paling akhir jika kalimat tersebut memiliki lebih dari  satu modifier.

-Tidak semua kalimat membutuhkan modifier.

Sumber : 

 -tooeasy4shared.blogspot.com

-wordsmile.com

TOEFL

About TOEFL

Test of English as a Foreign Language or TOEFL is a standardized test of English language proficiency for non-native English language speakers wishing to enroll in U.S. universities. The test is accepted by many English-speaking academic and professional institutions. TOEFL is one of the two major English-language tests in the world, the other being the IELTS.

TOEFL is a trademark of ETS (Educational Testing Service), a private non-profit organization, which designs and administers the tests. The scores are valid for 2 years; then they are no longer reported.

Paper-based Test

The TOEFL paper-based Test (PBT) is available in limited areas. Scores are valid for two years after the test date, and test takers can have their scores sent to institutions or agencies during that time.

1. Listening (30 – 40 minutes)

The Listening section consists of 3 parts. The first one contains 30 questions about short conversations. The second part has 8 questions about longer conversations. The last part asks 12 questions about lectures or talks.

2. Speaking / Structure and Written Expression (25 minutes)

The Structure and Written Expression section has 15 exercises of completing sentences correctly and 25 exercises of identifying errors.

3. Reading Comprehension (55 minutes)

The Reading Comprehension sections has 50 questions about reading passages.

4. Writing (30 minutes)

The TOEFL PBT administrations include a writing test called the Test of Written English (TWE). This is one essay question with 250–300 words in average.

Function TOEFL

Function questions test your understanding of pragmatics, or the implied meaning that we get from context. They often will ask about a very particular part of the passage, even just a single word. The question will replay a segment of the recording that contains the topic of the question, and then will replay just the topic. There will be no transcriptions provided for any part of these questions—all the information will be provided through listening.

Function questions do not deal with the meaning of the words the speaker says, but rather with the  information that is implied by how the speaker says them.

TOEFL 

Test Example

 

1. Tony would have studied medicine if he __________ to a medical school.
(A) Could be enter
(B) Had been admitted
(C) Was admitted
(D) Were admitted
Answer : (B) had been admitted
Grammar : Derivation

 2. He entered a university _________________________
(A) When he had sixteen years
(B) When sixteen years were his age
(C) At the age of sixteen
(D) At age sixteen years old
Answer : (C) at the age of sixteen
Grammar : prepositions of time

3. The jurors were told to _________________________
(A) Talk all they wanted
(B) Make lots of experiences
(C) Speak freely
(D) Much less
Answer : (C) speak freely
Grammar : degrees of comparison

4. Those students do not like to read novels _______________ text books.
(A) In any case
(B) Forgetting about
(C) Leaving out the questions
(D) Much less
Answer : (D) much less
Grammar : clause of contrast

5. He _____________ looked forward to the new venture.
(A) Eagerly
(B) With great eagerness
(C) Eagernessly
(D) In a state of increasing eagerness
Answer : (A) eagerly
Grammar : degrees of comparison

sumber: wikipedia

My Autobiography

My name is Christian Halasson Siburian Octavianus. I was born in Pekanbaru, Riau on Thursday, 6 october 1994, I was the third of three siblings, my father named R. Siburian and my mother named S.Sianturi. both of my sibling are woman, name my first sister is sri Rini and has worked as a midwife, and my second sister name is Yulianti still in college in University of Riau.

I am a descendant of batak, visible from my name, there are Siburian clan behind there. Oh yes, my first name Halasson is given by my grandfather, which means happiness or excitement, while the Christian Octavianus is the name given by my mother.

At 6 years old I started my primary education in TARUNA ANDALAN Pkl.Kerinci, which is located at the Pkl. Kerinci. In 2006 I study in SMPN1 PKL.Kerinci. after that I continued my school at SMK 1 Pkl.Kerinci in 2009 with a major in accounting.

When I wants go to continue to college, I was given information by my uncle to schools in Gunadarma university in Depok, West Java. Because my cousin happened to be in that school. my family and I also agreed that I will school at the University Gunadarma. My cousin was already one year above me in studying at the University Gunadarma, he was a student majoring in IT.

I enrolled at the University Gunadarma Kelapa Dua, Depok with majored in Accounting to further deepen the study while still Vocational High School (SMK).
I am currently undergoing semester 6 and is in the process of preparation of SR (Scientific Research).
My favorite color is blue, and my favorite sport is football and badminton.
Ideals I want to be useful, to make this world change because there I was, although only slightly.